Atopic Dermatitis

What is Atopic Dermatitis? 

Atopic dermatitis, commonly known as eczema, is a chronic skin condition that causes inflammation, redness, itching, and dryness. It is a common condition that can affect people of all ages but is most prevalent in children.  

Atopic dermatitis is part of the atopic triad, which includes asthma and allergic rhinitis, and often occurs in individuals with a family history of allergies. 

What Causes Atopic Dermatitis? 

The exact cause of atopic dermatitis is unknown, but it can be linked to genetic and environmental factors that affect the skin barrier and immune system. Common triggers include: 

• Genetics 

• Immune system dysfunction  

• Skin barrier defects - mutations in the filaggrin gene leading to increased skin dryness 

• Environmental factors - exposure to allergens, pollution, and climate changes 

• Irritants - harsh soaps, fragrances, detergents, and certain fabrics 

• Stress  

Common Symptoms 

Atopic dermatitis symptoms can vary from person to person and may include: 

• Intense itching 

• Dry, scaly, or cracked skin 

• Red or brownish-gray rashes, commonly on the hands, feet, neck, eyelids, inside elbows, and behind knees 

• Blisters that may ooze or crust over 

• Thickened, leathery skin from repeated scratching 

Complications 

If left untreated, atopic dermatitis can lead to: 

• Skin infections (due to frequent scratching) 

• Sleep disturbances (caused by intense itching) 

• Eye problems (such as conjunctivitis) 

• Asthma and allergic rhinitis  

• Mental health impact, including stress and anxiety 

How to Prevent Atopic Dermatitis 

While atopic dermatitis cannot always be prevented, these steps can help reduce flare-ups: 

• Keep skin moisturized  

• Use mild, fragrance-free soaps and detergents 

• Wear soft, breathable fabrics 

• Avoid known allergens or irritants 

• Take lukewarm showers instead of hot baths 

• Manage stress levels  

Treatment Options 

Although there is no cure for atopic dermatitis, various treatments can help manage symptoms: 

Medications 

• Topical corticosteroids (Hydrocortisone, Betamethasone) - reduce inflammation and itching 

• Topical calcineurin inhibitors (Tacrolimus, Pimecrolimus) - suppress the immune response 

• Antihistamines (Cetirizine, Loratadine) - help control itching 

• Biologic drugs (Dupilumab) - For severe cases unresponsive to other treatments 

• Oral corticosteroids or immunosuppressants  

Lifestyle & Home Remedies 

• Apply moisturizer immediately after bathing 

• Use a humidifier in dry environments 

• Avoid scratching and keep nails short 

• Try wet wrap therapy to soothe severe flare-ups 

When to Seek Medical Advice? 

Consult a doctor if: 

• Symptoms persist despite treatment 

• The skin becomes infected (pain, pus, swelling) 

• Eczema significantly affects sleep or daily life 

References 

• MedLine Plus - FLG 

• American Academy of Opthalmology 

• American Academy of Dermatology 

• Osmosis – Atopic triad 

• National Eczema Association